Shershah Suri

• Shershah's original name was Farid.
• He was born in Hissar Firosa.
• His father was Hassan Khan
• His family came to India from Afghanistan.
• He entered the service of Baharkhan Lohani of Behar from whom received the title of Sherkhan, for killing a lion single handed.
• Later he became a member of the Mughal court of Babur.
•  In 1539 by the battle of Chausa, Sherkhan defeated Humayun for the first time and assumed the name Shershah.
• Later in 1540 he completely defeated Humayun in the battle of Kanauj andfounded the Sur dynasty.
• While directing the operations of his artillery at Kalanjar against the ruler of Bundelkhand Raja Kirat Singh, Shershah was seriously wounded by a sudden fire from his own artillery and died on May 22, 1545.
• Sher shah constructed the Grand Trunk Road from Sohargaon to Attock (Calcutta to Amritsar)
• He introduced the National Highway concept for the first time in India.
• Now the Grand Trunk Road is known as Shershah Suri Marg. Its part from Delhi to Amritsar is known as National Highway -1.
• Grand Trunk Road is also known a 'Long Walk'.
• He was the first ruler to introduceSilver Rupiya (one rupiya was equal to 64 dams) and gold coin Ashrafi.
• He built the Purana Qila in Delhi (its Construction was started by Humayun) and his own Mousoleum (Tomb) at Sasaram in Bihar.
• He also constructed the Khooni Darwaza (blood stained gate) the gate way of Firozshah Kotla in Delhi.
• Hindi poet Malik Muhammed Jayasi completed his Padmavat, during his reign.
• His Revenue system was excellent and hence Akbar's administrative reforms were modelled after him. He is regarded as the forerunner of Akbar.
• Shershah was succeeded by his son Islam Shah. The last Sur ruler was Sikkandar Shah Sur. Who was defeated by Humayun in 1555 by the battle of Sirhindh.

Medieval History Notes on The Marathas"

The Marathas

• The first great leader of the Marathas was Chatrapathi Shivaji.
• The Marathas became prominent in the later half of the 17th century.
• Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle clan of the Marathas.
• Shaji Bhonsle and Jiga Bai were the Parents of Shivaji.
• He was born in 1627 February 19 at the fort of Shivner near Junnar.
• His father was a military commander under the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmedanagar and later of Bijapur.
• Shivaji's tutor was Dadaji Kondadev.
• Shivaji received the help of Malavi tribe to capture the territories of Bijapur Sulthan.
• Torna was the first place captured by Shivaji in 1646.
• Shivaji came to conflict with the Mughals for the first time in 1657, during the period of Shah Jahan.
• In 1659 Bijapur Sulthan Ali Adilshah sent Afzal Khan to kill Shivaji. But he killed Afsal Khan.
• In 1660 Aurangazeb deputed his viceroy of Deccan, Shaisthakhan to kill Shivaji.
• 1665, Shivaji signed the treaty of Purandar with Raja Jai Singh of Ambher, who was deputed by Aurangazeb.
• In 1666 Shivaji visited Aurangazeb in his court at Agra. But he and his son Sambaji were imprisoned by Aurangazeb in the Jaipur Bhavan.
• On 16th June 1674 Shivaji crowned himself an independent Hindu king became the Chatrapathi and assumed the title'Haidavadhasmodharak'.
• Shivaji died in 1680 at the age of 53.
• Shahu became the Chatrapathi in 1708 and his period witnessed the rise of Peshwaship.
• Balaji Vishwanath (1712 - 1720) Baji Rao (1720 - 40) Balaji BajiRao I (1740 - 61) and Madhav Rao I (1761 - 1772) were the Peshwas who ruled Maharashtra.
• Baji Rao popularised the idea of Hindu Padpadshahi or Hindu Empire.
• Balaji Baji Rao's period witnessed theThird Battle of Panipat in 1761. In this battle Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan defeated the Marathas.
• Madhava Rao was the last great Peshwa.
• Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II.
• Madhava Rao's period witnessed the disintegration of the Maratha power and the formation of independent kingdoms - Holkarofindor, Bhonsle of Nagpur, Sindhya of Gwalior and Gaekwad of Baroda.
• Shivaji's Council of Ministers was known as Ashtapradhan. They were Peshwa, Pandit Rao, Sumant, Sachiva, Senapathi, Amatya, Mantri andNyayadhyaksha.
• Peshwa was the Maratha Chief Minister.
• Chaudh and Sardesh Mukhi were two special laxes collected by the Marathas.
• The first Maratha war (1775 -82) Swai Madhav Rao Vs Raghunath Rao with English support.
• Second Maratha war 1803 - 05.
• Third Maratha war 1816 - 19.
• The last great Soldier and statesman of Maratha was Nana Phadavnis(1800)
• The Maratha script was called Modiscript.
• Peshwaship was abolished in 1818
• Baji Rao was the ablest of the Peshwas.
• Shivaji did not allow women in his military camp.
• The Marathas were equipped with an efficient naval system under Shivaji.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

1. Known as the father of Indian renaissance & the first great leader of modern India.
2. Influenced by European enlightenment he stressed on reason & human dignity.
3. He respects the traditional philosophical system of East but believes that only modern culture would help India to revive.
4. Gifted linguist, he knew many languages such as Sanskrit, Persian, English, Arabic, French, Latin, Hebrew etc.

Religious & Philosophical Quest 

1. Ram Mohan Roy wrote a Persian book “Tuhafat-ul-muwahhidin” (Gift to monotheist) in 1809, in which he strongly supported believe in one God (Monotheism).
2. He translated the Vedas & Five Upanishads  into Bengali 
3. He set up Atmiya sabha in 1814, Calcutta.
4. He strongly opposed idol worship, the rigidity of caste & superstitious rituals.
5. He has written, Precepts of Jesus (1820) – He emphasize the moral message of Christ & criticized miracle stories in Bible.
6. He described blind imitation of  west, but wanted synthesis of best east & west.
7. In 1828, he founded Brahma Sabha later Brahma Samaj (1830) to purify Hinduism & to preach monotheism.
8. It was based on – Reason, Vedas & Upanishads, monotheism.
9. Brahma samaj opposed – caste system, child marriage, sati system, etc.

Work For Women

1. Sati-system was Abolished by William Bentinck in 1829.
2. He also demanded the right of inheritance & Property for Women.

Modern education

1. He supported dutch watch , watch maker ‘David Hare’ to found Hindu-College 1817.
2. He established a vedant college in Calcutta 1825.
3. He strongly supported introduction of English education 

National Consciousness

1. He was the pioneer of Indian Journalism & brought Journals in Bengali, Persian, Hindi, English for spreading scientific literacy & political education.
2. He started Bengali weekly “Sambad Kaumudi” (1821) which was first Indian newspaper edited, published & managed by Indians.[Language – Bangali]
3. He also started Persian Weekly – “Mirat-ul-Akhbar” [Language – Farsi]

Pioneer in Political Agitation:-

1. He protested against restrictions on Indian Press in 1824.
2. He demanded the abolition of trading rights of east India Company & removal of heavy export duties on Indian goods.
3. He also demanded Indianisation of superior services, Judicial equality between Indians & Europeans.

Internationalist

1. He was given the title of ‘Raja’ by Mughal emperor Akbar-II & sent to England to plead his case for an increase in pension.
2. He died at Bristol in England in 1833.

Development of Brahma Samaj

1. Brahma Sabha, established 1828.
2. Tarachandra Chakraborty was the first secretary of Brahma Sabha.
3. 1830:- Ram Mohan Went to England.
4. 1830-1833:- Acharya Ramchandra, 1833- Death(acting head)[Death of Raja Ram – 1833-Bristal]
5. 1833-43:- Dwarika Nath Tagore
6. 1843:- Devendra Nath Tagore (Father of Rabindranath Tagore)
7. Founded ‘Tatvabodhini Sabha in 1839.
8. Published ‘Tatvabodhini’ magazine.
9. Other members of Tatvabodhini – Rajendra lal Mishra, Akshya Kumar Dutt Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar.
10. In 1843 – Devendra Nath Tagore re-organised & revitalized Brahmo Samaj
11. 1857:- Keshub Chandra sen joined Brahma samaj & soon popularized it outside Bengal.
12. 1866:- 1st Split in Brahma Samaj
13. Devendra Nath Tagore → Adi Brahma Samaj
14. Keshab Chandra Sen → Brahma Samaj of India → He took important Parting getting the Brahma marriage Act 1872. [Girl’s minimum age – 15 years] 
15. 1878 – 2nd split  → When Keshavchandra got his minor daughter married to maharaja of coach Bihar.
16. Sadharan Brahma Samaj → Shivnath Shastri, Anand Mohan Bose
17. Brahma Samaj was first missionary moment in India & Keshav Chandra sen was first missionary

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List of RBI Governors of india from 1876 to till date

1. Osborne Smith
Osborne Smith was born on 26 December 1876. He was the first Governor of the Reserve Bank from 1 April 1935 to 30 June 1937. He served for over 20 years with the Bank of New South Wales and 10 years with the Commonwealth Bank of Australia before coming to India in 1926 as a Managing Governor of the Imperial Bank of India. He resigned before the completion of his term of office. He did not sign any Indian rupee notes during his tenure.
 2. James Braid Taylor
James Braid Taylor was born on 21 April 1891. He was the second Governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 1 July 1937 to 17 February 1943. Even though he was the second Governor, his signature was the first to appear on the currency notes of the Indian rupee.
He was a member of the Indian Civil Service, and served as a Deputy Controller in the Currency Department of the Government of India for over a decade. He died on 17 February 1943.
3. C. D. Deshmukh
C. D. Deshmukh was born on 14 January 1896. He was an Indian civil servant and the first Indian to be appointed as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India in 1943 by the British Raj authorities. He served as the Finance Minister in the Union Cabinet from 1950 to 1956. In 1937, he was appointed a CIE (Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire). In 1974 he published his autobiography The Course of My Life. He died on 2 October 1982.
4.  Benegal Rama Rau
Sir Benegal Rama Rau was born on 1 July 1889. He was the fourth Governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 1 July 1949 to 14 January 1957.He was educated at Presidency College, Madras, and at Kings College, Cambridge. Joining the Indian Civil Service in 1919.
5. K. G. Ambegaonkar
K. G. Ambegaokar was the fifth Governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 14 January 1957 to 28 February 1957. He was a member of the Indian Civil Service, and served as Finance Secretary before his appointment as Deputy Governor of the RBI.
6. H. V. R. Iyengar – From 1 March 1957 to 28 February 1962.
7. P. C. Bhattacharya – From 1 March 1962 to 30 June 1967.
8. L. K. Jha – From 1 July 1967 to 3 May 1970.    
9. B. N. Adarkar – from 4 May 1970 to 15 June 1970.
10. S. Jagannathan      - From 16 June 1970 to 19 May 1975.
11. N. C. Sen Gupta – From 19 May 1975 to 19 August 1975.
12. K. R. Puri – From 20 August 1975 to 2 May 1977.
13. M. Narasimham – From 3 May 1977 to 30 November 1977.
14. I.G. Patel – From 1 December 1977 to 15 September 1982.
15. Manmohan Singh – From 16 September 1982 to 14 January 1985.
16. Amitav Ghosh – From 15 January 1985 to 4 February 1985.
17. R. N. Malhotra – From 4 February 1985 to 22 December 1990.
18. S. Venkitaramanan – From 22 December 1990 to 21 December 1992.
19. C. Rangarajan – From 22 December 1992 to 21 November 1997.
20. Bimal Jalan – From 22 November 1997   6 September 2003.
21. Y. V. Reddy- From 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2008.
22. D. Subbarao – From 5 September 2008 to 4 September 2013.
23. Raghuram G. Rajan – From 4 September 2013to September 2016
24. Dr Urjit Patel- From September 2016 to present

Contribute

List of Chief Justices of Supreme Court in India

1. Hon’ble Mr. Justice Harilal Jekisundas Kania
Harilal Jekisundas Kania was born to a middle-class family at Surat. His grandfather had been a revenue officer in Gujarat with the British Government. Briefly serving as an acting judge on the Bombay High Court in 1930, he was appointed an additional judge on the same court in June 1931. After India became a republic on 26 January 1950, Kania was appointed the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Acting as Chief Justice he read oath to Dr. Rajendra Prasad. He died in office of a sudden heart attack on 6 November 1951.
2.  Hon’ble Mr. Justice M. Patanjali Sastri
M. Patanjali Sastri was the son of Pandit Krishna Sastri, senior Sanskrit pandit of Pachaiyappa's College, Madras. He graduated in B.A. from Madras University in around 1910 before taking an LL.B in 1912 and becoming an advocate. He was appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India in the year 1951. He also served as a member of the board of directors of the Press Trust of India and served on the Madras Legislative Council from July 1958 to April 1962. He died 16 March, 1963.
3. Hon’ble Mr. Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan
Mehr Chand Mahajan was the third Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Prior to that he was the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir during the reign of Maharaja Hari Singh and played a key role in the accession of J&K to India. He was Chief Justice, Supreme Court of India from 4 January, 1954 to 22nd December.
4. Hon’ble Mr. Justice Bijan Kumar Mukherjea
Bijan Kumar Mukherjea was born on 15 August 1891 he was the 4th Chief Justice of India from 23 December 1954 – 31 January 1956.He was a M.A. (History), B.L. (Gold Medallist), and M.L. (Gold Medallist), Doctor of Law.
5. Hon’ble Mr. Justice Sudhi Ranjan Das
Sudhi Ranjan Das was born on1 October 1894. He was the 5th Chief Justice of India, serving from December 1, 1955 to January 30, 1959. After finishing his intermediate examinations at the Scottish Church College, he moved on to the Bangabasi College under the University of Calcutta from which he graduated, and proceeded to read law at University College London, from which he graduated with first class honours (LL.B., 1918).

6. Hon’ble Mr. Justice Bhuvneshwar Prasad Sinha
7. Hon’ble Mr. Justice P.B. Gajendragadkar
8. Hon’ble Mr. Justice A.K. Sarkar
9. Hon’ble Mr. Justice K. Subba Rao
10. Hon’ble Mr. Justice K.N. Wanchoo
11. Hon’ble Mr. Justice M. Hidayatullah
12. Hon’ble Mr. Justice J.C. Shah
13. Hon’ble Mr. Justice S.M. Sikri
14. Hon’ble Mr. Justice A.N. Ray
15. Hon’ble Mr. Justice M. Hameedullah Beg
16. Hon’ble Mr. Justice Y.V. Chandrachud
17. Hon’ble Mr. Justice P.N. Bhagwati
18. Hon’ble Mr. Justice R.S. Pathak
19. Hon’ble Mr. Justice E.S. Venkataramiah
20. Hon’ble Mr. Justice Sabyasachi Mukherjee
21. Hon’ble Mr. Justice Ranganath Misra
22. Hon’ble Mr. Justice K.N. Singh
23. Hon’ble Mr. Justice M.H. Kania
24. Hon’ble Mr. Justice L.M. Sharma
25. Hon’ble Mr. Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah
26. Hon’ble Mr. Justice A.M. Ahmadi
27. Hon’ble Mr. Justice J.S. Verma
28. Hon’ble Mr. Justice M.M. Punchhi
29. Hon’ble Dr. Justice A.S. Anand
30. Hon’ble Mr. Justice S.P. Bharucha
31. Hon’ble Mr. Justice B.N. Kirpal
32. Hon’ble Mr. Justice G.B. Pattanaik
33. Hon’ble Mr. Justice V.N. Khare
34. Hon’ble Mr. Justice S. Rajendra Babu
35. Hon’ble Mr. Justice R.C. Lahoti
36. Hon’ble Mr. Justice Y.K. Sabharwal
37. Hon'ble Mr. Justice K.G. Balakrishnan
38. Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.H. Kapadia
39. Hon'ble Mr. Justice Altamas Kabir

40. Hon'ble Mr. Justice P. Sathasivam

41. Hon'ble Mr. Justice R. M. Lodha
42. Hon’ble H. L. Dattu

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