Questions from History, Geography and Polity

Questions from History, Geography and Polity.

1.From origin to the delta, the Brahmaputra traverses-China, India and Bangladesh 

The Brahmaputra is one of the major rivers of Asia, a trans-boundary river which flows through China, India and Bangladesh.

2.The Girnar Hills are situated in which of the following States-Gujarat 

Girnar is a collection of mountains in the Junagadh District of Gujarat, India, situated near Junagadh at a distance of 327 km from Ahmedabad.

3.Which was the first hydel power project in India-Sivasamudram in Karnataka

Shivanasamudra is a small city in the Mandya District of the state of Karnataka, India. It is situated on the banks of the river Kaveri, which forms here the boundary to the Chamarajanagar District, and is the location of one of the first Hydro-electric Power stations in Asia, which was set up in the year 1902

4.Which hill stations name means place of the thunderbolt- Darjeeling

The name Darjeeling comes from the Tibetan words, Dorje (thunderbolt) and Ling (place or land), meaning the land of the thunderbolt.

5.The climatic zones are classified on the basis of- Rainfall

The climate map in such a scheme would be same as the mean annual rainfall map. Such system may be refined by subdividing classes according to distribution of precipitation throughout the year, whether uniform or seasonal.

6.'Moorlands' are- Areas where twisted shrubs and grasses grow 

Moorland is a type of habitat found in upland areas in temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands and mountain grasslands and shrublands biomes, characterised by low-growing vegetation on acidic soils.

7.Which of the following is the largest Archipelago in the world- Indonesia

An archipelago is a chain, cluster or collection of islands. Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world.

8.Vardhman Mahavir is also know as-Jena 

Mahavira was given the title Jīnā which subsequently became synonymous with Tirthankara

9.Before assuming the office of the Sultan of Delhi Balban was the Prime Minister of Sultan- Nasir-ud-din

Before assuming the office of the Sultan of Delhi Balban was the Prime Minister of Sultan Nasir-ud-din. Nasir-ud-din was the eighth sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate.

10.Taj Mahal was designed by- Ustad Isa 

The Taj Mahal is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658), to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal

11.Which inscription mentions about the village administration under the Cholas- Uttaramerur

The Uttaramerur inscription, found in the village by this name in Chengalpattu district south of Chennai, has been studied and commented upon by many authorities, such as K. A. NilakantaSastri, S. KrishnaswamyIyengar, etc. The text of the (from V. Venkayya, in Annual Report on Epigraphy, 1904), was kindly provided by Dr. R. Nagaswamy, an eminent archaeologist, epigraphist and art expert of South India, who has authored many scholarly works.

12.The Upanishads were translated by DaraShikoh in Persian under the title of-Sirr-i-Akbar

He believed that what is referred to in the Quran as Kitab al-Maknun [The Hidden Book] is actually the Upanishads. It was inspired by this belief that he spent whatever time he could find in translating the Upanishads into Persian, with the help of several pundits of Banaras. His translation of the Upanishads is appropriately called Sirr-i-Akbar.

13.The famous Sun Temple at Konark was built by- Narasimha-I

Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century Sun Temple at Konark in Odisha, India. It is believed that the temple was built by king Narasimhadeva I of Eastern Ganga Dynasty around 1250 CE.The temple is in the shape of a gigantic chariot elaborately carved stone wheels, pillars and walls. A major part of the structure is now in ruins.

14.Nurjahan's real name was- Mehr-un-Nisaa

Nur Jahan born as Mehr-un-Nissa, was Empress of the Mughal Empire as the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir. A strong, charismatic and well-educated woman, she is considered to be one of the most powerful and influential women of the 17th century Mughal Empire

15.Who was the Viceroy at the time of Quit India Movement- Lord Lin Lithgow

16.How many languages have recognized by the Constitution- 22

1) Assamese, (2) Bengali, (3) Gujarati, (4) Hindi, (5) Kannada, (6) Kashmiri, (7) Konkani, (8) Malayalam, (9) Manipuri, (10) Marathi, (11) Nepali, (12) Oriya, (13) Punjabi, (14) Sanskrit, (15) Sindhi, (16) Tamil, (17) Telugu, (18) Urdu (19) Bodo, (20) Santhali, (21) Maithili and (22) Dogri.

17.In case no party enjoys absolute majority in the Legislative Assembly of a state, the Governor will go by- His own discretion

In case no party commands absolute majority in the Legislative Assembly of the State or the majority party fails to elect its leader, the Governor can use some discretion

18.Which article of the Constitution of India is related to the establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court- Article 124

The Article 124 is related with Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court- (1) There shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger number, of not more than seven other Judges. (2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal on the recommendation of the National Judicial Appointments Commission referred to in article 124A and shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-five years.

19.Which states enjoys the distinction of being the first Linguistic state of India-Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is the first state in India to have been formed on a purely linguistic basis. On October 1, 1953, eleven districts of the Madras state were put together to form a new Andhra state with Kurnool as capital.

The final authority to interpret our Constitution is the- Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review.  

Vedic literature Part II

 

Here is the next part of the series Vedic Period and it's details.

The vast literature of the Aryans is divided into two parts -

• Sruti
• Smriti 

1. Sruti Literature: The word Veda has been divided from the Sanskrit word Ved, which means 'spiritual knowledge'. The Vedas are four in number - Rig Veda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. The Rig Veda contains a references only to the first three Vedas, which suggests that the fourth Veda was composed at some later date.

The Vedic literature is usually divided into three periods:-

1. The Mantra period when the Samhitas were composed
2. Brahaman period when the Brahamanas, Upanishads and Aranyakas were composed
3. the Sutra period.

• Brahmanas are massive prose text which contain speculation of the meaning of the hymns, give precepts for their application, relate stories of their origin in connection with sacrificial rites and explain the secret meaning of the later.
• The Aranyakas are the concluding parts of the Brahamanas. It doest not lay much stress on rites, rituals and sacrifices, but merely contain the philosophy and mysticism. The lead with the problems of soul, origin and elements of universe and the creation of universe.

Aranyaka:-

• Literarily, it means 'Jungle'
• Provides description of Moral Science and Philosophy
• Provides details of hermits and saints who lived in Jungles
• Give stress on meditation
• Protests the system of 'Yajnas'

It would be appropriate to describe Upanishadas as mystic writings. There are 108 Upanishads in all, the most prominent of them being Ish, Prasana, Aitareya, Taittiriya, Chhandogaya, Kathoupanishad, Ishopanishad, Brehadaranyaka, etc.

Upanishada

• Literary meaning is 'Satra' (to sit near masters feet) in which Guru offers band of knowledge to their disciples
• Is a combination of Tatva-mimansa and philosophy
• They are also called "Vedanta"
• Primitive upanishada are"Brahadaranyaka" and "Chandogya"
• Later Upnishada like "Katha" and "Swetaswatar" have been written in poetic forms.
• Brahma is the summary of philosophy, which is the only a 'truth' in the world.
• Knowledge awards salvation says Upanishadas
• Oldest possibility Narsinghpurvatapani
• Latest possibility Allopanishada in Akbar's reign

2. Smriti Literature: Smriti is traditional knowledge and designates almost the entire body of post-Vedic classical Sanskrit literature. Smriti literature generally includes the following overlapping subjects:-

1. The Vedangas: They refer to certain branches of post-Vedic studies regarded as auxiliary to the Vedas. The Vedangas are conventionally divided into six heading namely:-

(i)Kalpa or the ritual canon, including the dharma shastras or legal codes,

(ii)Jyotisha or astronomy,

(iii) Siksha or phonetics,

(iv)Chhanda or metre

(v) Nirukta or etymology

(vi)Vyakarana (Grammer)

1. The Shad-Darsana: Six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, namely Nyaya, 'Vaiseshikha', Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta.
2. Itihasa: Legendary or semi-legendary works, specifically the Ramayana and Mahabharata and often extended to the Puranas.
3. Puranas: Being a fairly late description of ancient legends, they are heavily coloured with the superstitions. The Puranas represent the most corrupt form of Hinduism. They are 18 in number

• The Eighteen Puranas
• Brahma Purana
• Vishnu Purana
• Shiva Purana
• Padma Purana
• Shrimad Bhagwat Purana
• Agni Purana
• Narad Purana
• Markandey Purana
• Bhavishya Purana
• Ling Purana
• Varah Purana
• Vaman Purana
• Brahm Vaivertya Purana
• Shanda Purana
• Surya Purana
• Matsya Purana
• Garuda Purana
• Brahmand Purana

Upaveda: Also known as the auxiliary Vedas, they deal with medicine, architecture, erotics, archery and various arts and crafts. These were partly derived from original Vedic texts and were traditionally associated with one or other of the Vedas.

Tantras: Tantras are the writings of Shakta or Shaivite sects and also of certain antinomian Buddhist scholars

Agamas: They are scriptures of sectarian Hindus like Vaishnavites, Shaivites and Shaktas.

Upangas: They are a generic name for any collection of treatises although traditionally confined to the philosophical systems of 'Nyaya' and 'Mimansa' - the 'Dharma Sutras' the 'Puranas' and the 'Tantras'

Epics

Some historians regard the Later Vedic Period as the Period of Epics. The Mahabharata and the Ramayana are the two great epics of this period.
Ramayana: It is said to have been composed by the sage, Valmiki. The incident related in it precedes the Mahabharata by about a hundred and fifty years. The story of Ramayana is of indigenous origin and had existed in ballad form in Prakrit, in more than one version. It was rewritten in Sanskrit and augmented with many 'Shlokas'. The epic was given a Brahmanical character which was not visible in the original work. It is also known as Adi Kavya. Evidence places the oldest part of the Ramayana to before 350 BC. The reference in the epic to the mingled hords of Yavanas and Shakas suggests that it received accretions in the Graeco-Scythian period and may have acquired its final shape by about AD 250.

Mahabharata: The Mahabharata is the bulkiest epic consisting of 100,000 verses and is divided into 18 paravas (books). This book is usually assigned to Rishi Ved Vyas, but scholars have expressed doubts if such a great work could have been accomplished by one single person. The story itself occupies only about one-fourth of the poem. It is a tale about conflict between Aryans-Kaurava and Pandava.

The rest is episodical comprising cosmology, theogony, state craft, the science of war, ethics, legendary history, mythology, fairy tales and several digressional and philosophical interludes, of which the best known is the Bhagavad Gita.

The Vedicliterature Part - I

 

The Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit. To begin with the Vedas were recited and not written. They were taught by oral method. Hence they were called as Sruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized). But later on they were reduced to writing after the invention of scripts.

The major literary and religious works of Vedic Period are the four Vedas and the Upanishads. These works still continue to hold immense authority in the sphere of spiritual and religious literature. The idea and principles of Karma (action) and Moksha (spiritual liberation) are widely accepted by the people belonging to Hindu faith.

Four Vedas

Veda is a sanskrit word. It means "knowledge". There were four Vedas :

1. The Rig Veda
2. The Sama Veda
3. The Yajur Veda and
4. The Atharva Veda.

1. The Rig Veda

• Collection of hymns
• Oldest of all vedas
• Associated of 1017 hymns or Suktas after adding "Blhilya Sukta" number in 1028
• Compiled in 10 'mandalas' & 8 'Akhtaks'.
• Also contains the famous Gayatri Mantra
• II, III, IV, V, VI & VII are oldest mandalas
• I, VIII, IX, X are latest mandalas.
• The Tenth "Mandalas" or chapter which has the "Purushasukta" hymn, was probably added later.
• Mandala IX is completely devoted to 'Soma'.
• Mandala II to VII were created by Grita Samada, Vishwamitra, Vamadeva, Atri, Bharadwaj, Vashistha, VIII Kanwa and Angira, IX Soma

2. Samveda

• Rhthmic compilation of hymns for Rigveda
• "Book for Chants" contains 1,549 hymns, meant to be sung at the 'soma' sacrifice by a special class of Brahmanas called Udgatris. But the Samaveda has very little original value.
• Has only 75 fundamental hymns

3. The Yajur Veda

• Book of sacrifical prayers
• Rituals of yajnas
• Is sung of priest "Adhavaryu"
• Its mantras tell us how the sacrifices were to be performed and what part the "Adhvaryus"- the Brahmanas who performed the manual work in the arrangement of sacrifice were to play at the time of sacrifice.
• Has been compiled in "fourth path"
• Has been divided into, Krishna(black) Yajurveda & Shukla(white) Yajurveda
• Prose text

4. Atharvaveda

• Mantras for magic spells
• Populate ritualistic system & superstitions
• Associated with "Saunkiya" and "Paiplad" community
• Collection of 711/731/760 hymns
• Not included in 'Trai'
• Has been divided in 20 "Kandas"
• 18th, 19th & 20th 'Kandas' are later works
• Provides freedom from evils spirits.
• Oldest text on Indian Medicine.

Shershah Suri

• Shershah's original name was Farid.
• He was born in Hissar Firosa.
• His father was Hassan Khan
• His family came to India from Afghanistan.
• He entered the service of Baharkhan Lohani of Behar from whom received the title of Sherkhan, for killing a lion single handed.
• Later he became a member of the Mughal court of Babur.
•  In 1539 by the battle of Chausa, Sherkhan defeated Humayun for the first time and assumed the name Shershah.
• Later in 1540 he completely defeated Humayun in the battle of Kanauj andfounded the Sur dynasty.
• While directing the operations of his artillery at Kalanjar against the ruler of Bundelkhand Raja Kirat Singh, Shershah was seriously wounded by a sudden fire from his own artillery and died on May 22, 1545.
• Sher shah constructed the Grand Trunk Road from Sohargaon to Attock (Calcutta to Amritsar)
• He introduced the National Highway concept for the first time in India.
• Now the Grand Trunk Road is known as Shershah Suri Marg. Its part from Delhi to Amritsar is known as National Highway -1.
• Grand Trunk Road is also known a 'Long Walk'.
• He was the first ruler to introduceSilver Rupiya (one rupiya was equal to 64 dams) and gold coin Ashrafi.
• He built the Purana Qila in Delhi (its Construction was started by Humayun) and his own Mousoleum (Tomb) at Sasaram in Bihar.
• He also constructed the Khooni Darwaza (blood stained gate) the gate way of Firozshah Kotla in Delhi.
• Hindi poet Malik Muhammed Jayasi completed his Padmavat, during his reign.
• His Revenue system was excellent and hence Akbar's administrative reforms were modelled after him. He is regarded as the forerunner of Akbar.
• Shershah was succeeded by his son Islam Shah. The last Sur ruler was Sikkandar Shah Sur. Who was defeated by Humayun in 1555 by the battle of Sirhindh.

Gupta Empire and it's Details

Gupta Empire

• The start of Gupta Empire is considered by many historian from the reign of Maharaja Shrigupta.
• Chandragupta-I was the first powerful ruler of Gupta Empire and ascended the throne in 320 AD.
• The Gupta Period from 320 AD to 550 AD is also known as the Golden Age of India.
• In the Gupta period India attained the peak of glory in every aspects starting from science, art, literature, mathematics, astronomy and philosophy.

Emperors of Gupta Empire

• Shrigupta and Ghatotkacha. The reign of Maharaja Shrigupta (240 AD to 280 AD) is considered by many historians to be the starting point of Gupta Empire.
• Ghatotkacha succeeded his father Shrigupta and ruled from 280AD to 319 AD.

Chandragupta I

• Chandragupta I was the son of Ghatotkacha and succeeded his father. He was the first powerful king of the dynasty. He ruled the Empire from 320 AD to 335 AD.
• Chandragupta I adopted the title ofMaharajadhiraja: meaning King of Kings.
• He married princess Kumaradevi of neighboring kingdom Lichchhavi and gained the control of the territory of north Bihar.
• The starting of the reign of Chandragupta-I is considered by many historians as the beginning of Gupta era.

Samudragupta and Chandragupta II

• Samudragupta,succeeded his father Chandragupta I and ruled the Gupta dynasty for about 45 years from 335 AD to 380 AD. He is also known as 'Napolean of India'.
• Many historians believe that Chandragupta II was nominated by his father Samudragupta as the next heir of Gupta Empire.But Ramagupta,the eldest son of Samudragupta succeeded his father and became the emperor.
• Chandragupta II killed him and ascended the throne. He was an extremely powerful emperor. Chandragupta II is most commonly known as Vikramaditya,ruled the Gupta Empire from 380 AD to 413 AD.

Other Emperors

• Kumaragupta I,the son of Chandragupta II succeeded his father and ruled the dynasty till 455 AD. After Kumaragupta I, Skandagupta succeeded his father.
• He is considered to be the last of the great Gupta emperors.
• He also adopted the title of Vikramaditya.
• After Skandagupta, the Gupta dynasty didn't get any powerful ruler and finally the dynasty was overpowered by the Vardhana ruler Harshavardhana.

Note:Some of the weak rulers who ruled after Skandagupta were, Purugupta, Kumaragupta II, Budhagupta, Narasimhagupta, Kumaragupta III, Vishnugupta, Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta.

Fa-hien's India Visit

• Fa-hien was the first Chinese pilgrim who visited India during the reign of Gupta emperor Chandragupta II.

Nine Gems or Navaratnas

• At the time of Vikramadityas reign, the glory of Gupta Empire reached its peak.
• A circle of famous nine persons known as Nine Gems or Navaratnas were present in the court of Vikramaditya.

The group comprised of

• Kalidasa
• Vetala Bhatta
• Varahamihira
• Vararuchi
• Amarasimha
• Dhanvantari
• kshapanak
• Shanku
• Ghatakarpura

Kalidasa

• Kalidasa was a famous Sanskrit writer and poet in the court of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya).
• Kalidasa was the author of three famous plays.
• Abhijnanasakuntalam : tells the story of King Dushyanta and Shakuntala
• Malavikagnimitram tells the story love of King Agnimitra with Malavika
• Vikramorvasiyam tells the love story of King Pururavas and celestial fairy Urvashi
• Kalidasa was also the author of two famous Sanskrit epic poems:
• Raghuvamsa ("Raghu Dynasty ") and
• Kumarasambhava.

Vetala Bhatta

• Vetala Bhatta was a Brahmin in the court of Vikramaditya.
• He is known for his contribution of "Nitipradipa ".

Varahamihira

• Varahamihira was an Indian astronomer, astrologer and mathematician of Gupta era.
• He is famously known for his great work Pancha Siddhantika,a book on mathematical astronomy.
• His other important contribution to the Indian Sanskrit literature is the Brihat-Samhita, an encyclopedia of astrology and other subjects of human interest.

Vararuci

• Vararuci was one of the nine Gems in the court of Chandragupta II of Gupta era.

Amarasimha

• Amarasimha was one of the nine Gems in the court of Vikramaditya of Gupta era.
• He is notably known for his famous Sanskrit thesaurus Amarakosha.
• It is also known as Namalinganushasana.

Dhanvantari

• Dhanvantari is regarded as one of the worlds first surgeons and medical practitioner from Gupta era.
• He is considered as the origin exponent of Ayurveda.
• He is also worshipped as the God of Medicine.
• Sushruta, the author of famous Sushruta Samhita was the student of Dhanvantari.
• He is also credited for the discovery of the antiseptic properties of turmeric and the preservative properties of salt.
• Dhanvantri is considered to be the pioneer of modern plastic surgery.

Previous Years Exam from Ancient History

1. The source of Swastika symbol  - Indus Valley
2. Who is considered as the father of Indian archaeoloy - Alexander Cunningham
3. Meter scale has been discovered from ......... -  Harappa
4. Weapon never used by the -Indus people - Sword
5. What was the major industry in Chanhudaro? - Bead making
6. The word 'Sindhan' used by the Indus people denoted - Cotton
7. Evidence of fractional burial has been excavated from - Harappa
8. The word 'godhume' used in the vedic period denote - Wheat
9. 'Yava' denoted - Barley
10. Term used to denote rice in the vedic text - Vrihi
11. Vedic term sita denoted - Ploughed field
12. Which veda mentions about wheel  - Rigveda
13. Vedi terms 'Urvara' or 'kshetra' denoted - Cultivated field
14. The famous frog hymn in Rig Veda throws light to - Vedic education
15. Who was considered as the god of the vedas? - Varuna
16. Rigvedic term 'Duhitri' denoted - Milker of cows
17. Method used to calculate the number of cows in the Vedic period - Ashtakarni
18. Part of which veda has prose part - Yajur Veda
19. Who spread Aryan religion in South India - Agasthya
20. Vedic term 'Aghanya' denotes - Cows
21. The term 'Bharata' and 'Bharatavarsha' were first used in - Rig Veda
22. Upanishad which mentions the four Ashramas of Vedic period - Jabala Upanishad
23. Largest number of hymns in Rigveda a are in praise of - Indra
24. Edict which mentions about the relation between India and China -Nagarjunakonda
25. First town in the vedic period to use burned bricks - Kausambi
26. First reference about lending money for interest can be found in - Satpatha Brahmana
27. Rigvedic paintings have been discovered from Bhagvanpura. It is in which state  - Haryana
28. Upanishad which mentions about police system  - Brihadaranyaka Upanishads
29. God who was considered as God of Gods - Varuna
30. Community which was considered as untouchables by the Buddhists. - Chandalas
31. The language used by the Jains to spread their religion  - Prakrit
32. Who is considered as the St.John of Buddhism  - Ananda
33. Who is considered as Devil by the Buddhists  - Mara
34. Three daughters of 'Mara' -  lust, emotion and desire
35. The ruler who persecuted Buddhists - Pushyamitrasunga
36. Major philosophic school of Bhagvatism  - Vishishtadvaita
37. Earliest reference about Srikrishna can be found in  - Chandoghya Upanishad
38. Hindu God who found place in Greek literature  - Sri Krishna
39. Jain Thirthankara, who was related to Sri Krishna -- Rishabhadeva (Ist Thirthankara)
40. Tamil god of the Sangham age for War and Victory - Kottavai
41. Saint who founded the Saivism  -Lakulisa
42. Tamil kingdom of the Sangham Age which sent an ambassador to the court of Roman Emperor -  Augusts Pandyas
43. First Sangham was founded by  - Saint Agasthya
44. Famous poetess of the Sangham period - Avvaiyar
45. Greeco-Roman traders who visited South India during the Sangham period were denoted with the term - Yavanas
46. Sangham work which describes about Buddhism - Manimekhalai
47. The word used by Ashoka to denote Buddha - Bhagavati
48. Ashokan inscriptions were desciphered by James prince in the year - 1837
49. Indo-Greek ruler who had his boundaries upto Pataliputra - Menander
50. Yuchi ruler who introduced gold coins for the first time - Vima Kadphesus

Medieval History of India Part IV

Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 - 1412)

• Tughlaq Dynasty was founded by Ghiazuddin Tughlaq. His real name was Ghazi Malik.
• Ghiasuddin Tughlaq founded the dynasty after killing Khuzru Khan in 1320. Ghiazuddin died by the collapse of a pavilion.
• He built the Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi the third city of Delhi to the east of Qutub complex.
• Ghiassudhin Tughlaq was the first Sulthan to start irrigation works.
• Ghiassuddin Tughlaq was succeeded by his son Jauna Khan, popularly known as Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.
• Muhammed Bin Tughlaq is considered as the single most responsible person for the decline of Delhi Sulthanate.
• Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was known as a mixture of opposites, wisest fool, Pagal padushah, unfortunate idealogue and the predecessor of Akbar in intellectual and religious matters.
• Ibn Batuta called him ''an illstared idealist''.
• He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in 1327.
• In 1330 he introduced token currency of bronze and copper.
• Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta visited India during his period.
• Edward Thanas described him as 'prince of moneyers'.
• Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was succeeded by his elderly cousin,Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first Sulthan of Delhi to impose Jaziya. It was a religious tax for the freedom of worship. He imposed it only upon Brahmins.
• He built the city of Firozbad in Delhi. The Firoz shah Kotla was also built by him. The gate way of Firozshah Kottla is Khooni Darwaza, or blood stained gate. It was constructed by Shersha Suri.
• He transplanted two Ashokan Pillars to Firozabad.
• He is the author of Fatuhat -i- Firozshahi
• After Firozshah Tughlaq Muhammed Shah Tughlaq or Naziruddin Muhammed came to the throne.
• It was during the period of his reign that Timur the Lame or Tamerlain a Turkish conqueror of  Tartar tribe from Samarkhand attacked India in 1398.
• Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the governor of Multan his authority in India.

Sayyid Dynasty (1414 - 1451)

• Sayyid Dynasty was founded by Khizr Khan in 1414.
• Last Sayyid Sulthan was Alauddin Alamshah or Shah Alam I. He was killed by Bahalol Lodhi in 1451.

Other rulers of Sayyid Dynasty

• Mubarak Shah (1421-1434)
• Muhammad Shah (1434-1443)
• Alam Shah (1443-1451)
• Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)

Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)

Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1488)

• He founded the Lodhi dynasty by usurping the throne from the last of the Sayyid rulers.
• Bahlol belonged to the Shahu Khel clan of the Lodhi Pashtun tribe.

Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517)

• He was the son of Bahlol Lodhi.
• In 1504, he founded the city of Agra and made it his capital.
• He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari

(Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for measuring cultivated fields.

Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526 AD)

• He was the last king of Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi.
• He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi.

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Medieval History of India Part III

 

Arabs Invasions

• During the Khaliphate of Omar, Arab forces made fertile attempts to get Bombay

• Arabs captured Sindh in 712 AD.

• The Arab conquest of Sindh was led by Muhammed Bin Kassim.

• Muhammed Bin Khasim was the nephew of Al- Hajaj, the governor of the Arab province of Basra.

• Dahir, a Brahmin was the ruler of Punjab at that time. He was killed by Kassim.

• The Arabs lost control over Sindh in 779 AD.

• Arab conquest of Sindh resulted in the spread of Islam to North India.

• But Islam was first introduced in India by Malik Ibn Dinar in Kerala in 644 AD.

Turkish Invasions

• Ghazni in Afghanistan was ruled by a Turkish family called Gamini of Ghaznavid dynasty.

• Muhammed Ghazni was the first Turkish conqueror of North India.

• Muhammad Ghazni's father was Subu ktigin.

• He attacked India only for want of wealth.

• He attacked India seventeen times between 1000 and 1027 AD. He made all the raids in the guise of Jihad.

• First Invasion was in 1001 AD.

• He defeated Jaipal and Anandpal of Shahi dynasty in 1001 and 1009 respectively.

• The most important raid of Muhammed was the Somanath expedition. It was in 1025. He completely destroyed the temple. Somanath Temple was on the sea coast of Gujarat.

• Muhammed Ghazni died in 30th April 1030.

• Later his son Masud attacked India and captured Kashmir.

• The famous Persian poet Firdausiwho wrote

• 'Shahnama' (The Book of Kings) lived in his court.

• Alberuni, an Arab Historian, who wrote Tarikhul- Hind (Reality of Hindustan), accompanied Muhammed Ghazni to India.

• Al-Firdausi is known as 'Indian Homer', 'Persian Homer', or 'The Immortal Homer of the East'.Muhammed of Ghore attacked India betwen 1175 and 1206 AD.

• Muhammed Ghori made his first expedition to India and captured multan in 1175 AD.

• In the First Battle Tarain in 1191 (near Taneswar) Muhammed Ghori was defeated by the Rajput forces underPrithviraj Chauhan III.

• In the Second Battle of Tarain (1192 AD) Muhammed Ghori assisted by Qutub -ud-din Aibek a slave, defeated Prithviraj Chauhan III and killed him.

• In 1193 Muhamed Ghori attacked Jaichand, father in law of Prithviraj . III at Kanauj, Jaichand was defeated.

• Muhammed Ghori returned from India by intrusting his territories in India in the hands of Qutub- Uddin Aibak.

• After the death of Ghori in 1206 Aibek founded the Slave Dynasty.

• Muhammed Ghoris Indian invasion resulted in the foundation of Islamic rule in India.
  
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Bahmani and Vijayanagara Kingdoms

Bahmani  Kingdom

• The decline of the Sulthanate of Delhi gave birth to two mighty states in South India the Bahmani Kingdom of Gulbaraga and the Vijayanagara Empire.

• The Bahmanis were Muslim rulers,while the rulers of the Vijayanagar were Hindus.

• The Bahmani kingdom was founded by Zafar Khan (Hassan) who took the title of Alauddin Bahman Shah. He selected Gulbaraga as its capital and renamed it Ahsanabad.

• There were total eighteen Sulthans and they ruled from 1347 to 1527.

• Muhammed Gawan was the famous minister of Bahmini kingdom.

• The last prince of the Bahmani Kingdom was Kalimullah.

• By 1527, the Bahmani kingdom was split up into five independent principalities.

• The Adil Shahis of Bijapur -founder – Yusuf Adilshah (1489 - 90)

• The Nizam Shahis of Ahamadnagar - founder - Malik Ahmad (1499)

• The Imadshahis of Berar - founder -Fateh Ulla Imadshanti (1490)

• The Qutubshahi kingdom of Golconda – founder - Qutabshah (1512)

• The Baridshahis of Bidar - founder - Amir Ali Barid (1527).

• Muhammad Adil Shah built Gol Gumbaz, a tomb with world's second largest Dome at Bijjapur

• Muhammad  shah built the city ofHyderabad (Bhagyanagar)

• Berar stayed out of the Battle ofTalikotta

Vijaya Nagara Empire

• The founders of Vijaya Nagar Empire were Harihara and Bukka Rai, the revenue officers of the Kakatiya ruler Pratap Rudra Deva II of Warrangal.

• They founded the dynasty in 1336 with the capital as Vijaya Nagara on the banks of Tungbhadra river with the help of Saint Vidyaranya.

• Vijayanagara kingdom lasted for 230 years and produced four dynasties.

• Sangama (1336 - 1485)

• Saluva - (1485 - 1505)

• Tuluva (1505 - 1565) and

• Aravidu (1565 - 1672)

• Krishna Deva Raya (1509 - 1529) belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. The Italian traveller Nicolocont visited his court.

• Krishnadeva Rayar is known as 'Andhra Bhoja' He wroteUshaparinayam and Amuktamalyada

• Allasani Peddanna, a Telugu poet was a courtier of Krishna Deva Raya. He is considered as the ''Andra Kavita Pitamaha'' the Grand Father of Telugu poetry.

• 'Ashtadiggajas' was the famous Scholastic Assembly in the court of Krishna Deva Raya.

Vijayanagar Empire was visited by many foreign travellers:-

• Nicolo Conti - Venitian traveller, visited during the reign of Devaraya I.

• Abdur Razzak : Ambassador of Sulthan ShahRukh to the court of Devaraya II.

• Damingos Paes : He visited Krishna Devaraya's court.

• Ferona Nuniz : A Portuguese who visited during Achyuta Raya's reign.

• Durate Barbosa : A portuguese who visited Krishnadeva Raya's court.

• Athenasius Nikitin (1415) : He was a Russian, who visited during Deva Raya I's period He wrote, 'Voyage to India'.

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The Mughal Dynasty

• The Mughals were originally Turks. They belonged to the Chaghtai branch of the Turkish race.
• Period of the Mughal empire is known as Second Classical Age. First Classical Age is the period Guptas.
• Mughal Empire is also known asTimurid Empire because of its relation to Amir Timur.
• Mughal Emperors are 20 in number. They ruled India from 1526 to 1857.
• Only six are considered great They are:

1. Zahiruddin Muhammed Babur (1526 - 1530)
2. Naziruddin Mirza Muhammed Humayun (1530 - 40 & 1555 - 1556)
3. Jalaluddin Muhammed Akbar - (1556 - 1605)
4. Nuruddin Muhammed Jahangir (1605 - 1627)
5. Shahabuddin Muhammed Shah Jahan (1628 - 1658)
6. Muhiyuddin Muhammed Aurangazeb Alamgir (1658 - 1707)

Babur (1526-1530) Facts:-

• Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was the fifth descendant of Timur on Father's side and the fourteenth descendant ofChengizkhan on mothers side.
• Babur was born in Farghana in Turkey on 14 Feb. 1483 as the son ofUmer Sheik Mirza and Qulik Nigarkhanum.
• Babur's father Umershiek Mirza was the grand son of Amir Timur and the ruler of Farghana.
• Babur became the ruler of Samarkhand at the Age of 11.
• He captured Kabul in 1504. Then Babur attacked India 5 times for want of wealth.
• Babur's first Attack of India was in 1519. Bhera was the first place captured by Babur.
• In 1524 Daulatkhan, Ibrahim Lodhi's brother invited Babur to India.
• On 21 April 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the last Lodhi Sulthan in the First Battle of Panipat.
• On 16 March 1527 he defeated Rana Sangha of Mewar, in the Battle of Khanwa.
• The Rajputs in 1528 under Medini Rajof Malwa fought against Babur in theBattle of Chanderi, but were defeated.
• In 1529 the Afghans underMuhammed Lodhi fought against Babur in the Battle of Ghaghra but were defeated.
•  In 1530 December 26, Babur died and was cremated at Kabul.
• Babur was the first to use Artillery in India.
• His memoirs or autobiography 'Tuzuk-i-Baburi or Baburnamah was written in Turkish language, Babur's mothertongue. Babur said 'I dont like India and Indians'.
• Babur was the first Mughal ruler to keep in hand the Kohinur Diamond.
• Babur was a contemporary of Krishnadeva Raya of Vijaya Nagara Empire. 

  Humayun

• • Humayun was born in 1507 in Kabul as the son of Babur and Mahim Sulthana.
  • He became the Mughal Emperor on 29 December 1530 at the age of 23.
  • He divided the empire among his brothers - Askari, Hindal and Kamran.
  • The word 'Humayun' means 'fortunate' But Human is considered as the most unfortunate Mughal ruler.
  • Human was an accomplished mathematician and astronomer.
  • In 1539 by the Battle of Chausa,Humayun was defeated for the first time by Shershah Suri.
  • In the next year (1540) Shershah completely defeated Humayun in thebattle of Kanauj and founded the Sur dynasty.
  • After the lapse of 15 years Humayun re-captured the Empire by defeating the last Sur ruler Sikhandar Shah Suriby the battle of Sirhindh in 1555, July.
  • After the restoration Humayun ruled for only six months.
  • The period from 1540 to 1555 is known as the period of temporary eclipse of the Mughal.
  • Humayun died by an accidental fall from the straicase of his Library 'Shermandal' at the Puranakwila in Delhi on 24 January 1556.
  • The Purnakwila was constructed by Humayun but its construction was completed by Shershah.
  • Humayun's biography Humayun Namah was written by Humayun's sister Gulbadan Begum. The language used to write this biography was a mixture of Turkish and Persian. In 1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpana (world refuge) in Delhi.
  • Humayun's tomb is situated in Delhi (first building in India having double domes)
  • Humayun tomb is known as predecessor of Tajmahal, because Taj was modelled after this, also known as a dormitory of the house of Timur. Mirak Mirza Ghias is its architect.

  Akbar the Great

  • Father - Humayun
  • Mother - Hamida Bhanu Begum
  • Step mother - Magam Anaga
  • Guardian - Bairam Khan
  • First Guardian - Munim Khan
  • Akbar was born at Amarkot in Sindh in 23 Nov. 1542.
  • He came to the throne on February 14, 1556 at the age of 14 at Kalanur.
  • Hemu the Hindu Prime Minister of Muhammed Adilshah of Bihar occupied Agra and accepted the title Maharaja Vikramaditya.
  • Akbar killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Paniput in 1556 November 2.
  • Akbar became an independent ruler at the age of 18 in 1560, after dismissing Bairamkhan.
  • Later he married Bairam Khans widow Salima Begum.
  • In 1561 he defeated the musician Sulthan of Malwa - Baz Bahadur.
  • In 1562 Akbar married Joda Bhai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amber
  • In 1564, he abolished the religious tax Jaziya. Jaziya was impossed for the first time by Firozshah Tughlaq.
  • In 1572 he captured Gujarat and in memory of that he built a new capital city Fathepur sikri (city of Victory) near Agra.
  • The early name of Fathepur Sikri was city of Sikri.
  • Buland Darwaza is the gate way of Fathepur Sikri, built by Akbar. In 1575 Akbar constructed a prayer house in Fathepur Sikri known as Ibadatkhana.
  •  In 1579 he issued the Infallibility Decree by which he made himself the supreme head in religious matters.
  • In 1580 the first Jesuit missionaries arrived at the court of Akbar.
  • In 1585 Ralph Fitch the first English man to reach India, reached Akbar's court.
  • Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer English man or torch bearer Englishman.
  • In 1582 Akbar founded a new religion for universal peace and monotheism known as 'Din Ilahi'  means Divine Faith.
  • In 1583 he started a new Calendar called Ilahi Calendar.
  • In 1576 Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap of Mewar in the battle of Haldighat. Haldighat is a mountain pass in the Aravally hills in Rajasthan.
  • The Portuguese introduced tobacco for the first time in India in the court of Akbar in 1604.
  • Akbar was the Mughal Emperor when the English East India Company was being founded in 1600 December 31. Akbar died in 1605.
  • His tomb is situated at Sikhandra near Agra.
  • Akbar was an illiterate person, but he was a patron of men of eminence. He maintained a Scholastic Assembly in his court. They included the following personalities.
  • Abul Fazal : Akbar's court historian who wrote Akbar's biographical works Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Namah..
  • Abul Faizi : Persian poet and brother of Abul Fazal. He translated Mahabharata into Persian in name 'Razam Namah' and Bhaskaracharya's  mathematical work Leelavati into Persian.
  • Mian Tansen : His original name was Ram Thanu Pande. He was the court Musician of Akbar. He composed a Raga, Rajdarbari in honour of Akbar.
  • Birbal : His real name was Mahesh Das. He is the court jester of Akbar.
  • Raja Todarmal : RajaTodarmal was Akbar's finance or revenue minister. He formulated Akbar's revenue system Zabti and Dashala systems. Raja Todermal also translatedBhagavatapurana into Persian.
  • Maharaja Mansing : Akbar's military commander.
  • Badauni : a historian who translated Ramayana into Persian - Tarjuma -1-Ramayan.
  • Tulasidas : Hindi poet who wroteRamacharitamanas.
  • Akbar's military system was known asMansabdari system, which included Ranks from 10 - 7000
  • Akbar was also responsible for the introduction Persian as the official language of Mughals.
  • He divided the Mughal Empire into 12 Subahs (provinces) for the administrative conveniences.
  • Akbar was also the first ruler to organise Hajj. Pilgrimage at the government expense. The Port Cambay in Gujarat is known as the 'Gate way to Mecca from Mughal India'.
  • Akbar was an accomplished Sitar player.
  • Mughal - Rajput friendly relation began during the period of Akbar 

   Jahangir

  • • Early name of Jahangir was Salim.Akbar called him Sheika Baba.
    • Jahangir came to the throne in 1605.
    • Jahangir was the son of Akbar and Jodabai.
    • He married Mehrunnisa, an Afghan widow in 1611 Later he gave her the titles, Noor Mahal(light of the palace)Noor Jahan (light of the world) andPadusha Begum.
    • In 1606 Jahangir executed fifth Sikh Guru Guru Arjun Dev, because he helped Jahangir's son Prince Khusru to rebel against him.
    • In 1609, Jahangir received William Hawkins, an envoy of King James I of England, who reached India to obtain trade concession.
    • In 1615 Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of Jahangir as the first ambassador of James I of England in the court of Jahangir. As a result of his efforts first English factory was established at Surat in Gujarat.
    • Period of Jahangir is considered as the Golden Age of Mughal Painting.Jahangir himself was a painter. Ustad Mansur and Abul Hassan were famous painters in the court of Jahangir.
    • Jahangir built Shalimar and Nishant Gardens in Srinagar.
    • Jahangir suspended a chain of Justice known as Zndiri Adal infront of his court.
    • Anarkali was Jahangair's lover. Mughal-i-Asam directed by K. Asif is a famous film which tells the love story of Jahangir and Anarkali.
    • Jahangir wrote his autobiographyTuzukh -i- Jahangiri in Persian language.
    • Jahangir died in 1627 and was cremated at Shahdhara in Lahore.

    Shah Jahan

    • Shah Jahan was born on 5th January 1592 at Lahore.
    • His mother was Jagat Gosain and his childhood name was Khurram.
    • He married Arjumand Benu Begum, daughter of Asaf Khan, brother of Noor Jahan. She later came to be known as Mumtaz Mahal which means beloved of the Palace.
    • Shahjahan destroyed the Portuguese settlements at Hoogly.
    • Shah Jahan's period is considered as the Golden Age of Mughal Architecture and Shah Jahan is known as the Prince of Builders.
    • In 1631 he started the construction ofTajmahal in memory of his wife and completed in 1653. It isPradesh. Utad Iza a Turkish/ Persian was its architect. British administrator Furgurson called it 'a love in marble'. Now Sulphur Dioxide, emitted by oil refinaries in Madhura after mixing with moisture in the atmosphere forms Sulphuric Acid and damages the marble of Tajmahal.
    • In 1638 Shah Jahan built his new capital Shah Jahanabad in Delhi and shifted the capital from Agra to there.
    • In 1639 he started the construction ofRed fort in Delhi on the model of Agrafort built by Akbar. Its construction was completed in 1648. The Diwani- Am, Diwan-i-Khas and the Moti Masjid are situated inside the Red fort. The Mothi Masjid in Agra was constructed by ShahJahan.
    • The INA Trial in 1945 was conducted at the Red Fort.
    • The Gateway of Redfort is the Lahore Gate. It is here at the Lahore Gate that the Prime Minister of India hoists the National Flag and addresses the nation on the independence day.
    • In 1656 Shah Jahan constructed theJuma Masjid in Delhi. It is the biggest masjid in India. First masjid in India was constructed at Kodungallur in Kerala (Cheraman Palli) in 644 AD by Malik Ibn Dinar.
    • Shah Jahan's period is known as the Golden Age of Mughal Empire.
    • The Portuguese introduced European painting in India during the reign of Shah Jahan
    • In 1658 Shah Jahan was imprisoned by his son Aurangazeb and he died in 1666, after eight years. His daughter Jahan Ara was also kept in prison along with him at the Agra fort.
    • Shah Jahan's son Dhara Shukoe was a famous scholar. He translatedBhagavat Gita and Sixty Upanishadsinto Persian. He also wrote a book titled Mujm-ul-Behrain (Mingling of the Oceans) He also translated Atharva Veda into Persian.
    • ShahJahan was a famous Lyricist. He wrote Lyrics in Hindi. The famousPeacock Throne was built by Shah Jahan. It was abducted from here byNadirsha in 1739 during his Indian invasion (Persian conqueror). Now it is kept at the London Tower Museum, Britain.
    • French travellers Bernier andTavernier and Italian traveller Manucci visited India during ShahJahan's period.

   Aurangazeb

  • Aurangazeb imprisoned his father and made himself the Padushah in 1658. But his actual coronation was conducted in 1659.
  • Alamgir was the name adopted by Aurangazeb when he became the Padusha.
  •  Aurangazeb is known as Zinda Pir' or living saint because of his simple life.
  • He banned music and dance.
  • He ousted all the artists from his court. At the same time he was an accomplished Veena player.
  • Aurangazeb was the last great Mughal Emperor.
  • In 1675 he executed 9th Sikh GuruGuru Tej Behadur because of his reluctance to accept Islam.
  • Teg Behadur was executed at the Chandni Chauk.
  •  In 1679 Aurangzeb constructed the tomb of his only wife Rubiad Daurani at Aurangabad in Maharashtra. It is known as Bibi ka Makabara. It is otherwise known as Mini Tajmahal as it was the blind imitation of Tajmahal. In the same year he reimpossed Jasya upon all the non Muslims, which was earlier abolished by Akbar.
  •  Aurangazeb called Shivaji a 'mountain rat' and gave him the title Raja because of his guerilla tactics.
  • In 1660 he entrusted Shaisthakhan to defeat Shivaji.
  • Later in 1665 the treaty of Purandarwas signed between Maharaja Jaisingh of Amber and Shivaji Jaisingh was deputed by Aurangazeb. The Mughal Rajput relation became worse during
  • the period of Aurangazeb.
  • Aurangazeb was the only Mughal Emperor who was not a drunkard.
  • Aurangazeb is considered as religiously fanatic. He was also a temple breaker. He persecuted the Hindus and imposed prohibition against the free exercise of Holi and Divali.
  •  Aurangazeb died in 1707 February 20,at Ahmednagar. Aurangazeb's tomb is situated at Daulatabad in Maharashtra.

  Later Mughals

   Bahadur Shah I (1707-12)

  •  Bahadurshah I came to the throne after the death of Aurangazeb. His real name was Muassam.
    > Title, Shah-e-Bekhabar.
    > Promote friendly relationship with Marathas and Rajputs 
  • Jahandar Shah (1712-13) 
    >
    > He ascended the throne with the help of Zulfikar Khan (Wazir).
    >  Abolished Jijiya.
    > A Prostitute "LAL KUAR" dominated in his court
  • Farrukhsiyar (1713-19) 
    > He lacked the ability and knowledge to rule independently.
    > His reign saw the emergence of the Sayyid Brothers (known as king maker).
    > Abdulla Khan-Wazir
    > Hussain Ali-Senapati
    > 1717-Issued Golden Farman to east India company for free trade
    > Farrukhsiyar executed Banda Bahadur ( A Sikh leader)  
  • Muhammad Shah (1719-48) 
    > Became the emperor with the help of the Saiyad Brothers
    > Nadir Shah invaded India and took away Peacock throne and Kohinoor diamond.
    > Title- Rangeela
    > Emergence of independent state in his period 
  • Ahmed Shah (1748-54) 
    >
    > Ahmed Shah Abdali (General of Nadir Shah) marched towards Delhi and the Mughals ceded Punjab and Multan.
    > He worked under the guidance of Rajmata  "Udam Bai"
  •  Alamgir (1754-59) 
    > Ahmed Shah occupied Delhi Later, Delhi was plundered by Marathas. 
  • Shah Alam II (1759-1806) 
    > Original NAME: Aligohar
    > Panipat War: (1761)
    > Buxar War (1764)
    > Treaty of Allahabad (1765)
    > Could not enter Delhi for 12 years.
    > 1788: Gulam Kadir make him blind 
  • Akbar II (1806-37)
    > Pensioner of East India Company.
    > Gave the title "Raja" to Ram Mohan Roy 
  • Bahadur Shah II (1837-57) 
    > Nickname: Jafar
    > Bahadurshah II was declared the independent Emperor of India by the Mutineers. > He was surrendered to LtW.S.R. Hodson at Humayun's Tomb in Delhi. In 1859 he was deported to Rangoon in December where he expired on Nov. 7, 1862.
    . The Tomb of Bahadurshah II is in Pwin Manah, the capital of Myanmar.
    > Bahadurshah II was also a famous Urdu Poet.
    > Bahadurshah II was also known as Bahadurshah Zafar Zafar means gifted poet
    Last Mughal Emperor who was made premier during the 1857 Revolt.
    > was the last Mughal emperor; 1862-death in Rangoon (Myanmar) 
  • Causes behind the fall of Mughal Empire
    > Weak and incompetent successors
    > Wars of succession
    > Aurangzeb's Deccan, religious and Rajput policies
    > Jagirdari crisis
    > Growth of Marathas and other regional powers
    > Foreign invasions of Nadir Shah (1739) and Abdali
  • Important Literature of Mughal Period
    > Author(Work)
    > Babur (Tuzuk-i-Babari)
    > Abul Fazal (Ain-i-Akbari, Akbarnamah)
    > Jahangir (Tuzuk-i-Jahangir)
    > Hamid (Padshahnama)
    > Darashikoh (Majn-ul-Bahrain)
    > Mirza Md Qasim (Alamgirnama)

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