Censorship on Press

Censorship on Press 

The censorship of Press act 1799

Wellesley Introduced

According to this Act “name of editor, printer & proprietor” published on newspaper.

Lord Hastings Abolished this Act in 1818.

The Licensing regulation act 1823

John Adam Introduced

Miralul Akhbar (Raja Ram Mohan Roy) seized by this act.

Metcalf Abolished this act in 1835,

Licensing Act 1857

Due to an emergency caused by 1857 revolt this act imposed licensing restrictions. The government reserved the right to stop publication & circulation of any book or newspaper.

Registration act 1867

This replaced Metcalf's act of 1835 & was of a regulatory, not restrictive nature, As per the act. Every book was required to print the name of the printer & publisher & the place of the publication.

The Vernacular Press act 1878

Introduced by Litten.

According to this act “The DM was empowered to call upon the printer & Publisher of any vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond with the government undertaking not to cause disaffection against the government. No appeal could be made in the court of law.

The act came to be nicknamed “The gagging act”.

Under this act, Proceeding was instituted against “som Prakash / Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash & Samachar.

Rippen Abolished this Act. – 1882

Newspaper (Incitement to offenses) Act 1908

Introduced Lord Minto – II

Aimed against extremists nationalist activities, the act empowers the magistrate to confiscate press property which published objectionable material.

The Indian Press act 1910

This act revised the burst feature of vernacular press act.

Local government was empowered to demand a security at registration from the publisher & de-register if it was an offending newspaper.

Abolished on recommendation of “Tej bahadur Saproo” committee

The Indian Press (emergency power) Act 1931

This act gave sweeping powers to provincial governments to suppress propaganda for civil disobedience movement.

In Favour of censor :- Wellesley, Lord Minto-II, Lord Adams, Lord Canning, Lord Litten. Lord Elphinstone, Sir Thomas Munro.

In Favour of Freedom of Press: - Lord Hastings, Charles Metcalf, Macauley, ripen.

 Important News Agencies

Associated Press of India – 1905

Free Press news service – 1927

United Press of India – 1934

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INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Mean of congress

•          Group of people
•         Term “congress” borrowed from USA
•         Term ‘congress’ given by Dada Bhai Naoroji

Establishment

•          28 Dec 1885
•          Place: Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Mahavidayala
•          Gwalia tank, Bombay
•          Founder: A.O.Hume
•          1^st chairman: W. C. Banerji
•          72 members – In 1^st meeting
•          Lord Dufferin (G.G)

Logic behind establishment of congress 

•   Lala Lajpat Rai:- Britishers have established INC to protect British India from disintegration
•  William Wedderburn: Safety value theory
•   Rajni Palme Dutt: Congress was established by Britisher with widening strategy.  

                                                  IMPORTANT SESSION OF INC 

First session/Summit – 1885

·         Bombay

·         W. C. Bannerji

 2^nd Summit, 1886

•          Calcutta
•          D. B. Naoroji

 3^rd Summit, 1887

•          Madras
•          Badruddin Taiyab [1^st Muslim chairman]

 4^th Summit, 1888

•          Allahabad
•          George Yule (1^st English chairman)

 5^th Summit, 1889

•       Bombay
•       William Wedderburn
•       First-time women participated in this summit.

Note: William Wedderburn was the chairman of congress session – Two times

(1889 → Bombay, 1910 → Allahabad)

 6^th Summit, 1890

•          Calcutta
•       Firojshah Mehta
•        Kadimbini Ganguly – First time, any women give a speech on the stage.

 12^th Session, 1896

•         Calcutta
•       Rahimtulla Sayani

Note: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, first-time sings ‘Bande matram’ in this session.

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Raja Ram Mohan Roy

1. Known as the father of Indian renaissance & the first great leader of modern India.
2. Influenced by European enlightenment he stressed on reason & human dignity.
3. He respects the traditional philosophical system of East but believes that only modern culture would help India to revive.
4. Gifted linguist, he knew many languages such as Sanskrit, Persian, English, Arabic, French, Latin, Hebrew etc.

Religious & Philosophical Quest 

1. Ram Mohan Roy wrote a Persian book “Tuhafat-ul-muwahhidin” (Gift to monotheist) in 1809, in which he strongly supported believe in one God (Monotheism).
2. He translated the Vedas & Five Upanishads  into Bengali 
3. He set up Atmiya sabha in 1814, Calcutta.
4. He strongly opposed idol worship, the rigidity of caste & superstitious rituals.
5. He has written, Precepts of Jesus (1820) – He emphasize the moral message of Christ & criticized miracle stories in Bible.
6. He described blind imitation of  west, but wanted synthesis of best east & west.
7. In 1828, he founded Brahma Sabha later Brahma Samaj (1830) to purify Hinduism & to preach monotheism.
8. It was based on – Reason, Vedas & Upanishads, monotheism.
9. Brahma samaj opposed – caste system, child marriage, sati system, etc.

Work For Women

1. Sati-system was Abolished by William Bentinck in 1829.
2. He also demanded the right of inheritance & Property for Women.

Modern education

1. He supported dutch watch , watch maker ‘David Hare’ to found Hindu-College 1817.
2. He established a vedant college in Calcutta 1825.
3. He strongly supported introduction of English education 

National Consciousness

1. He was the pioneer of Indian Journalism & brought Journals in Bengali, Persian, Hindi, English for spreading scientific literacy & political education.
2. He started Bengali weekly “Sambad Kaumudi” (1821) which was first Indian newspaper edited, published & managed by Indians.[Language – Bangali]
3. He also started Persian Weekly – “Mirat-ul-Akhbar” [Language – Farsi]

Pioneer in Political Agitation:-

1. He protested against restrictions on Indian Press in 1824.
2. He demanded the abolition of trading rights of east India Company & removal of heavy export duties on Indian goods.
3. He also demanded Indianisation of superior services, Judicial equality between Indians & Europeans.

Internationalist

1. He was given the title of ‘Raja’ by Mughal emperor Akbar-II & sent to England to plead his case for an increase in pension.
2. He died at Bristol in England in 1833.

Development of Brahma Samaj

1. Brahma Sabha, established 1828.
2. Tarachandra Chakraborty was the first secretary of Brahma Sabha.
3. 1830:- Ram Mohan Went to England.
4. 1830-1833:- Acharya Ramchandra, 1833- Death(acting head)[Death of Raja Ram – 1833-Bristal]
5. 1833-43:- Dwarika Nath Tagore
6. 1843:- Devendra Nath Tagore (Father of Rabindranath Tagore)
7. Founded ‘Tatvabodhini Sabha in 1839.
8. Published ‘Tatvabodhini’ magazine.
9. Other members of Tatvabodhini – Rajendra lal Mishra, Akshya Kumar Dutt Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar.
10. In 1843 – Devendra Nath Tagore re-organised & revitalized Brahmo Samaj
11. 1857:- Keshub Chandra sen joined Brahma samaj & soon popularized it outside Bengal.
12. 1866:- 1st Split in Brahma Samaj
13. Devendra Nath Tagore → Adi Brahma Samaj
14. Keshab Chandra Sen → Brahma Samaj of India → He took important Parting getting the Brahma marriage Act 1872. [Girl’s minimum age – 15 years] 
15. 1878 – 2nd split  → When Keshavchandra got his minor daughter married to maharaja of coach Bihar.
16. Sadharan Brahma Samaj → Shivnath Shastri, Anand Mohan Bose
17. Brahma Samaj was first missionary moment in India & Keshav Chandra sen was first missionary

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Parliament of Countries in the world

1. Country: Afghanistan; Parliament: Shora
2. Country: Andorra; Parliament: General Council
3. Country: Albania; Parliament: People's Assembly
4. Country: Azerbaijan; Parliament: Melli Majlis
5. Country: Algeria; Parliament: National People's Assembly
6. Country: Angola; Parliament: National People's Assembly
7. Country: Argentina; Parliament: National Congress
8. Country: Australia; Parliament: Federal Parliament
9. Country: Austria; Parliament: National Assembly
10. Country: Bahamas; Parliament: General Assembly
11. Country: Bahrain; Parliament: Consultative Council
12. Country: Bangladesh; Parliament: Jatiya Sansad
13. Country: Belize; Parliament: National Assembly
14. Country: Bhutan; Parliament: Tsogdu
15. Country: Bolivia; Parliament: National Congress
16. Country: Brazil; Parliament: National Congress
17. Country: Brunei; Parliament: National Assembly
18. Country: Botswana; Parliament: National Assembly
19. Country: Britain; Parliament: Parliament (House of Common's and House of Lords)
20. Country: Bulgaria; Parliament: Narodno Subranie.
21. Country: Cambodia; Parliament: National Assembly
22. Country: Congo Democratic; Parliament: Rep. of National Legislative Council
23. Country: Colombia; Parliament: Congress
24. Country: Canada; Parliament: Parliament
25. Country: China; Parliament: National People's Assembly
26. Country: Chile; Parliament: Chamber of Deputies and Senate
27. Country: Comoros; Parliament: Legislative Council and Senate
28. Country: Costa Rice; Parliament: Legislative Council and Senate
29. Country: Crotia; Parliament: Sabor
30. Country: Cuba; Parliament: National Assembly of People's Power
31. Country: Czech; Parliament: Republic Chamber of Deputies and Senate
32. Country: Denmark; Parliament: Folketing
33. Country: Ecuador; Parliament: Natinal Congress
34. Country: El Salvador; Parliament: Legislative Assembly
35. Country: East Timor; Parliament: Constituent Assembly
36. Country: Ethiopia; Parliament: Federal Council and House of Representative
37. Country: Egypt; Parliament: People's Assembly
38. Country: Fiji Islands; Parliament: Senate & House of Representative
39. Country: France; Parliament: National Assembly
40. Country: Finland; Parliament: Eduskusta (Parliament)
41. Country: Germany; Parliament: Bundestag (Lower House) and Bundesrat (Upper House)
42. Country: Guyana; Parliament: National Assembly
43. Country: Greece; Parliament: Chamber of Deputies
44. Country: Hungry; Parliament: National Assembly
45. Country: Iceland; Parliament: Althing
46. Country: India; Parliament: Sansad
47. Country: Indonesia; Parliament: People's Consultative Assembly
48. Country: Iran; Parliament: Majlis
49. Country: Iraq; Parliament: National Assembly
50. Country: Israel; Parliament: Knesset
51. Country: Italy; Parliament: Chamber of Deputies and Senate
52. Country: Japan; Parliament: Diet
53. Country: Jordan; Parliament: National Assembly
54. Country: Korea(North) ; Parliament: Supreme People's Assembly
55. Country: Korea(South) ; Parliament: National Assembly
56. Country: Kuwait; Parliament: National Assembly
57. Country: Laos; Parliament: People's Supreme Assembly
58. Country: Labanon; Parliament: National Assembly
59. Country: Lesotho; Parliament: National Assembly and Senate
60. Country: Lithuania; Parliament: Seimas
61. Country: Luxembourg; Parliament: Chamber of Deputies
62. Country: Libya; Parliament: General People's Congress
63. Country: Malaysia; Parliament: Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara
64. Country: Maldives; Parliament: Majlis
65. Country: Madagascar; Parliament: National People's Assembly
66. Country: Mongolia; Parliament: Great People's Khural
67. Country: Montenegro; Parliament: Federal Assembly
68. Country: Mozambique; Parliament: People's Assembly
69. Country: Myanmar; Parliament: Pyithu Hluttaw
70. Country: Nepal; Parliament: Rashtriya Panchayat
71. Country: Netherlands; Parliament: The Staten General
72. Country: New Zealand; Parliament: Parliament (House of Representative)
73. Country: Oman; Parliament: Monarchy
74. Country: Pakistan; Parliament: National Assembly & Senate
75. Country: Paraguay; Parliament: Senate & Chamber of Deputies
76. Country: Philippines; Parliament: The Congress
77. Country: Papua New Guinea; Parliament: National Parliament
78. Country: Poland; Parliament: Sejm
79. Country: Romania; Parliament: Great National Assembly
80. Country: Russia; Parliament: Duma & Federal Council
81. Country: Serbia; Parliament: Federal Assembly
82. Country: Senegal; Parliament: National Assembly
83. Country: Seychelles; Parliament: People's Assembly
84. Country: South Africa; Parliament:  Rep. House of Assembly
85. Country: Spain; Parliament: Cortes
86. Country: Sweden; Parliament: Riksdag
87. Country: Saudi Arabia; Parliament: Majlis Al Shura
88. Country: Sudan; Parliament: Majlis Watani
89. Country: Switzerland; Parliament: Federal Assembly
90. Country: Syria; Parliament: People's Council
91. Country: Turkey; Parliament: Grand National Assembly
92. Country: USA; Parliament: Congress
93. Country: Vietnam; Parliament: National Assembly
94. Country: Venezuela; Parliament: National Congress
95. Country: Zambia; Parliament: National Assembly 

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Different Branches of Science

1. Branch: Aeronautics; Concerning Field: Science of flight of airplanes.
2. Branch: Astronomy; Concerning Field: Study of heavenly bodies.
3. Branch: Agronomy; Concerning Field: Science dealing with crop plant.
4. Branch: Angiology; Concerning Field: Deals with the study of blood vascular system.
5. Branch: Anthology; Concerning Field: Study of flower.
6. Branch: Anthropology; Concerning Field: Study of apes and man.
7. Branch: Apiculture; Concerning Field: Honey industries (Bee Keeping).
8. Branch: Araneology; Concerning Field: Study of spiders.
9. Branch: Batracology; Concerning Field: Study of frogs.
10. Branch: Biochemistry; Concerning Field: Deals with the study of chemical reactions in relation to life activities.
11. Branch: Biotechnology; Concerning Field: Deals with the use of micro-organisms in commercial processes for producing fine chemicals such as drugs; vaccines; hormones, etc. on a large scale.
12. Branch: Cardiology; Concerning Field: Study of heart.
13. Branch: Craniology; Concerning Field: Study of skulls.
14. Branch: Cryptography; Concerning Field:    Study of secret writing.
15. Branch: Cryogenics; Concerning Field: Study concerning with the application and uses of very low temperature.
16. Branch: Cytology; Concerning Field: Study of cells.
17. Branch: Dermatology; Concerning Field: Study of skin.
18. Branch: Ecology; Concerning Field: The study of relationship between organisms and environment.
19. Branch: Entomology; Concerning Field: Study of insects.
20. Branch: Etiology; Concerning Field: Study of cause of insects.
21. Branch: Eugenics; Concerning Field: Study of improvement of human race by applying laws of heredity. It is related with future generations.
22. Branch: Evolution; Concerning Field: Deals with the study of origin of new from old.
23. Branch: Exbiology; Concerning Field: Deals with life or possibilities of life beyond the earth.
24. Branch: Floriculture; Concerning Field: Study of flower yielding plants.
25. Branch: Geology; Concerning Field: Study of condition and structure of the earth
26. Branch: Genetics; Concerning Field: Study of heredity and variations.
27. Branch: Gerontology; Concerning Field: study of growing old.
28. Branch: Gynaecology; Concerning Field: Study of female reproductive organs.
29. Branch: Horticulture; Concerning Field: Study of garden cultivation.
30. Branch: Haematology; Concerning Field: Study of blood.
31. Branch: Hepatology; Concerning Field: Study of liver.
32. Branch: Iconography; Concerning Field: Teachings by pictures and models.
33. Branch: Immunology; Concerning Field: Science which deals with the study of resistance of organisms against infection.
34. Branch: Jurisprudence; Concerning Field: Science of law.
35. Branch: Kalology; Concerning Field: Study of human beauty.
36. Branch: Lexicography; Concerning Field: Compiling of dictionary.
37. Branch: Mycology; Concerning Field: Study of fungi.
38. Branch: Myology; Concerning Field: Study of muscles.
39. Branch: Nephrology; Concerning Field: Study of kidneys.
40. Branch: Neurology; Concerning Field: study of nervous system.
41. Branch: Numismatics; Concerning Field: Study of coins and medals.
42. Branch: Obstetrics; Concerning Field: Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy.
43. Branch: Oneirology; Concerning Field: Study of dreams.
44. Branch: Ophthalmology; Concerning Field: Study of eyes .
45. Branch: Omithology; Concerning Field: Study of birds.
46. Branch: Osteology; Concerning Field: Study of bones.
47. Branch: Palaeontology; Concerning Field: Study of fossils.
48. Branch: Philately; Concerning Field: Stamp collecting.
49. Branch: Philology; Concerning Field: Study of languages.
50. Branch: Phonetics; Concerning Field: Concerning the sounds of a language.
51. Branch: Physiography; Concerning Field: Natural phenomenon.
52. Branch: Pedology; Concerning Field: Study of soils.
53. Branch: Pathology; Concerning Field: Study of disease causing organisms.
54. Branch: Phycology; Concerning Field: Study of algae.
55. Branch: Physiology; Concerning Field: Science dealing with the study of functions of various parts of organisms.
56. Branch: Pisciculture; Concerning Field: Study of fish.
57. Branch: Pomology; Concerning Field: Study of fruits.
58. Branch: Seismology; Concerning Field: Study of earthquakes.
59. Branch: Sericulture; Concerning Field: Silk industry (culture of silk moth and pupa).
60. Branch: Serpentology; Concerning Field: Study of snakes.
61. Branch: Telepathy; Concerning Field: Communication between two minds at a distance with the help of emotions, thoughts and feelings.
62. Branch: Taxonomy; Concerning Field: Study of classification of organisms.
63. Branch: Virology; Concerning Field: Study of virus.

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