Thursday, 29 December 2016

Censorship on Press


Censorship on Press 

The censorship of Press act 1799
Wellesley Introduced
According to this Act “name of editor, printer & proprietor” published on newspaper.
Lord Hastings Abolished this Act in 1818.

The Licensing regulation act 1823
John Adam Introduced
Miralul Akhbar (Raja Ram Mohan Roy) seized by this act.
Metcalf Abolished this act in 1835,
Licensing Act 1857
Due to an emergency caused by 1857 revolt this act imposed licensing restrictions. The government reserved the right to stop publication & circulation of any book or newspaper.
Registration act 1867
This replaced Metcalf's act of 1835 & was of a regulatory, not restrictive nature, As per the act. Every book was required to print the name of the printer & publisher & the place of the publication.
The Vernacular Press act 1878
Introduced by Litten.
According to this act “The DM was empowered to call upon the printer & Publisher of any vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond with the government undertaking not to cause disaffection against the government. No appeal could be made in the court of law.
The act came to be nicknamed “The gagging act”.
Under this act, Proceeding was instituted against “som Prakash / Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash & Samachar.

Rippen Abolished this Act. – 1882
Newspaper (Incitement to offenses) Act 1908
Introduced Lord Minto – II
Aimed against extremists nationalist activities, the act empowers the magistrate to confiscate press property which published objectionable material.
The Indian Press act 1910
This act revised the burst feature of vernacular press act.
Local government was empowered to demand a security at registration from the publisher & de-register if it was an offending newspaper.
Abolished on recommendation of “Tej bahadur Saproo” committee
The Indian Press (emergency power) Act 1931
This act gave sweeping powers to provincial governments to suppress propaganda for civil disobedience movement.
In Favour of censor :- Wellesley, Lord Minto-II, Lord Adams, Lord Canning, Lord Litten. Lord Elphinstone, Sir Thomas Munro.
In Favour of Freedom of Press: - Lord Hastings, Charles Metcalf, Macauley, ripen.
 Important News Agencies
Associated Press of India – 1905
Free Press news service – 1927
United Press of India – 1934


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Monday, 26 December 2016

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS


INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
Mean of congress
  •          Group of people
  •         Term “congress” borrowed from USA
  •         Term ‘congress’ given by Dada Bhai Naoroji

Establishment
  •          28 Dec 1885
  •          Place: Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Mahavidayala
  •          Gwalia tank, Bombay
  •          Founder: A.O.Hume
  •          1st chairman: W. C. Banerji
  •          72 members – In 1st meeting
  •          Lord Dufferin (G.G)
Logic behind establishment of congress 
  •   Lala Lajpat Rai:- Britishers have established INC to protect British India from disintegration
  •  William Wedderburn: Safety value theory
  •   Rajni Palme Dutt: Congress was established by Britisher with widening strategy.  

                                                  IMPORTANT SESSION OF INC 

First session/Summit – 1885
·         Bombay
·         W. C. Bannerji
 2nd Summit, 1886
  •          Calcutta
  •          D. B. Naoroji
 3rd Summit, 1887
  •          Madras
  •          Badruddin Taiyab [1st Muslim chairman]
 4th Summit, 1888
  •          Allahabad
  •          George Yule (1st English chairman)
 5th Summit, 1889
  •       Bombay
  •       William Wedderburn
  •       First-time women participated in this summit.
Note: William Wedderburn was the chairman of congress session – Two times
(1889 Bombay, 1910 Allahabad)

 6th Summit, 1890
  •          Calcutta
  •       Firojshah Mehta
  •        Kadimbini Ganguly – First time, any women give a speech on the stage.
 12th Session, 1896
  •         Calcutta
  •       Rahimtulla Sayani
Note: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, first-time sings ‘Bande matram’ in this session.

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Raja Ram Mohan Roy

  1. Known as the father of Indian renaissance & the first great leader of modern India.
  2. Influenced by European enlightenment he stressed on reason & human dignity.
  3. He respects the traditional philosophical system of East but believes that only modern culture would help India to revive.
  4. Gifted linguist, he knew many languages such as Sanskrit, Persian, English, Arabic, French, Latin, Hebrew etc.

Religious & Philosophical Quest 
  1. Ram Mohan Roy wrote a Persian book “Tuhafat-ul-muwahhidin” (Gift to monotheist) in 1809, in which he strongly supported believe in one God (Monotheism).
  2. He translated the Vedas & Five Upanishads  into Bengali 
  3. He set up Atmiya sabha in 1814, Calcutta.
  4. He strongly opposed idol worship, the rigidity of caste & superstitious rituals.
  5. He has written, Precepts of Jesus (1820) – He emphasize the moral message of Christ & criticized miracle stories in Bible.
  6. He described blind imitation of  west, but wanted synthesis of best east & west.
  7. In 1828, he founded Brahma Sabha later Brahma Samaj (1830) to purify Hinduism & to preach monotheism.
  8. It was based on – Reason, Vedas & Upanishads, monotheism.
  9. Brahma samaj opposed – caste system, child marriage, sati system, etc.

Work For Women
  1. Sati-system was Abolished by William Bentinck in 1829.
  2. He also demanded the right of inheritance & Property for Women.
Modern education
  1. He supported dutch watch , watch maker ‘David Hare’ to found Hindu-College 1817.
  2. He established a vedant college in Calcutta 1825.
  3. He strongly supported introduction of English education 
National Consciousness
  1. He was the pioneer of Indian Journalism & brought Journals in Bengali, Persian, Hindi, English for spreading scientific literacy & political education.
  2. He started Bengali weekly “Sambad Kaumudi” (1821) which was first Indian newspaper edited, published & managed by Indians.[Language – Bangali]
  3. He also started Persian Weekly – “Mirat-ul-Akhbar” [Language – Farsi]
Pioneer in Political Agitation:-
  1. He protested against restrictions on Indian Press in 1824.
  2. He demanded the abolition of trading rights of east India Company & removal of heavy export duties on Indian goods.
  3. He also demanded Indianisation of superior services, Judicial equality between Indians & Europeans.
Internationalist
  1. He was given the title of ‘Raja’ by Mughal emperor Akbar-II & sent to England to plead his case for an increase in pension.
  2. He died at Bristol in England in 1833.
Development of Brahma Samaj
  1. Brahma Sabha, established 1828.
  2. Tarachandra Chakraborty was the first secretary of Brahma Sabha.
  3. 1830:- Ram Mohan Went to England.
  4. 1830-1833:- Acharya Ramchandra, 1833- Death(acting head)[Death of Raja Ram – 1833-Bristal]
  5. 1833-43:- Dwarika Nath Tagore
  6. 1843:- Devendra Nath Tagore (Father of Rabindranath Tagore)
  7. Founded ‘Tatvabodhini Sabha in 1839.
  8. Published ‘Tatvabodhini’ magazine.
  9. Other members of Tatvabodhini – Rajendra lal Mishra, Akshya Kumar Dutt Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar.
  10. In 1843 – Devendra Nath Tagore re-organised & revitalized Brahmo Samaj
  11. 1857:- Keshub Chandra sen joined Brahma samaj & soon popularized it outside Bengal.
  12. 1866:- 1st Split in Brahma Samaj
  13. Devendra Nath Tagore → Adi Brahma Samaj
  14. Keshab Chandra Sen → Brahma Samaj of India → He took important Parting getting the Brahma marriage Act 1872. [Girl’s minimum age – 15 years] 
  15. 1878 – 2nd split  → When Keshavchandra got his minor daughter married to maharaja of coach Bihar.
  16. Sadharan Brahma Samaj → Shivnath Shastri, Anand Mohan Bose
  17. Brahma Samaj was first missionary moment in India & Keshav Chandra sen was first missionary

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Friday, 23 December 2016

Parliament of Countries in the world

  1. Country: Afghanistan; Parliament: Shora
  2. Country: Andorra; Parliament: General Council
  3. Country: Albania; Parliament: People's Assembly
  4. Country: Azerbaijan; Parliament: Melli Majlis
  5. Country: Algeria; Parliament: National People's Assembly
  6. Country: Angola; Parliament: National People's Assembly
  7. Country: Argentina; Parliament: National Congress
  8. Country: Australia; Parliament: Federal Parliament
  9. Country: Austria; Parliament: National Assembly
  10. Country: Bahamas; Parliament: General Assembly
  11. Country: Bahrain; Parliament: Consultative Council
  12. Country: Bangladesh; Parliament: Jatiya Sansad
  13. Country: Belize; Parliament: National Assembly
  14. Country: Bhutan; Parliament: Tsogdu
  15. Country: Bolivia; Parliament: National Congress
  16. Country: Brazil; Parliament: National Congress
  17. Country: Brunei; Parliament: National Assembly
  18. Country: Botswana; Parliament: National Assembly
  19. Country: Britain; Parliament: Parliament (House of Common's and House of Lords)
  20. Country: Bulgaria; Parliament: Narodno Subranie.
  21. Country: Cambodia; Parliament: National Assembly
  22. Country: Congo Democratic; Parliament: Rep. of National Legislative Council
  23. Country: Colombia; Parliament: Congress
  24. Country: Canada; Parliament: Parliament
  25. Country: China; Parliament: National People's Assembly
  26. Country: Chile; Parliament: Chamber of Deputies and Senate
  27. Country: Comoros; Parliament: Legislative Council and Senate
  28. Country: Costa Rice; Parliament: Legislative Council and Senate
  29. Country: Crotia; Parliament: Sabor
  30. Country: Cuba; Parliament: National Assembly of People's Power
  31. Country: Czech; Parliament: Republic Chamber of Deputies and Senate
  32. Country: Denmark; Parliament: Folketing
  33. Country: Ecuador; Parliament: Natinal Congress
  34. Country: El Salvador; Parliament: Legislative Assembly
  35. Country: East Timor; Parliament: Constituent Assembly
  36. Country: Ethiopia; Parliament: Federal Council and House of Representative
  37. Country: Egypt; Parliament: People's Assembly
  38. Country: Fiji Islands; Parliament: Senate & House of Representative
  39. Country: France; Parliament: National Assembly
  40. Country: Finland; Parliament: Eduskusta (Parliament)
  41. Country: Germany; Parliament: Bundestag (Lower House) and Bundesrat (Upper House)
  42. Country: Guyana; Parliament: National Assembly
  43. Country: Greece; Parliament: Chamber of Deputies
  44. Country: Hungry; Parliament: National Assembly
  45. Country: Iceland; Parliament: Althing
  46. Country: India; Parliament: Sansad
  47. Country: Indonesia; Parliament: People's Consultative Assembly
  48. Country: Iran; Parliament: Majlis
  49. Country: Iraq; Parliament: National Assembly
  50. Country: Israel; Parliament: Knesset
  51. Country: Italy; Parliament: Chamber of Deputies and Senate
  52. Country: Japan; Parliament: Diet
  53. Country: Jordan; Parliament: National Assembly
  54. Country: Korea(North) ; Parliament: Supreme People's Assembly
  55. Country: Korea(South) ; Parliament: National Assembly
  56. Country: Kuwait; Parliament: National Assembly
  57. Country: Laos; Parliament: People's Supreme Assembly
  58. Country: Labanon; Parliament: National Assembly
  59. Country: Lesotho; Parliament: National Assembly and Senate
  60. Country: Lithuania; Parliament: Seimas
  61. Country: Luxembourg; Parliament: Chamber of Deputies
  62. Country: Libya; Parliament: General People's Congress
  63. Country: Malaysia; Parliament: Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara
  64. Country: Maldives; Parliament: Majlis
  65. Country: Madagascar; Parliament: National People's Assembly
  66. Country: Mongolia; Parliament: Great People's Khural
  67. Country: Montenegro; Parliament: Federal Assembly
  68. Country: Mozambique; Parliament: People's Assembly
  69. Country: Myanmar; Parliament: Pyithu Hluttaw
  70. Country: Nepal; Parliament: Rashtriya Panchayat
  71. Country: Netherlands; Parliament: The Staten General
  72. Country: New Zealand; Parliament: Parliament (House of Representative)
  73. Country: Oman; Parliament: Monarchy
  74. Country: Pakistan; Parliament: National Assembly & Senate
  75. Country: Paraguay; Parliament: Senate & Chamber of Deputies
  76. Country: Philippines; Parliament: The Congress
  77. Country: Papua New Guinea; Parliament: National Parliament
  78. Country: Poland; Parliament: Sejm
  79. Country: Romania; Parliament: Great National Assembly
  80. Country: Russia; Parliament: Duma & Federal Council
  81. Country: Serbia; Parliament: Federal Assembly
  82. Country: Senegal; Parliament: National Assembly
  83. Country: Seychelles; Parliament: People's Assembly
  84. Country: South Africa; Parliament:  Rep. House of Assembly
  85. Country: Spain; Parliament: Cortes
  86. Country: Sweden; Parliament: Riksdag
  87. Country: Saudi Arabia; Parliament: Majlis Al Shura
  88. Country: Sudan; Parliament: Majlis Watani
  89. Country: Switzerland; Parliament: Federal Assembly
  90. Country: Syria; Parliament: People's Council
  91. Country: Turkey; Parliament: Grand National Assembly
  92. Country: USA; Parliament: Congress
  93. Country: Vietnam; Parliament: National Assembly
  94. Country: Venezuela; Parliament: National Congress
  95. Country: Zambia; Parliament: National Assembly 

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Different Branches of Science

  1. Branch: Aeronautics; Concerning Field: Science of flight of airplanes.
  2. Branch: Astronomy; Concerning Field: Study of heavenly bodies.
  3. Branch: Agronomy; Concerning Field: Science dealing with crop plant.
  4. Branch: Angiology; Concerning Field: Deals with the study of blood vascular system.
  5. Branch: Anthology; Concerning Field: Study of flower.
  6. Branch: Anthropology; Concerning Field: Study of apes and man.
  7. Branch: Apiculture; Concerning Field: Honey industries (Bee Keeping).
  8. Branch: Araneology; Concerning Field: Study of spiders.
  9. Branch: Batracology; Concerning Field: Study of frogs.
  10. Branch: Biochemistry; Concerning Field: Deals with the study of chemical reactions in relation to life activities.
  11. Branch: Biotechnology; Concerning Field: Deals with the use of micro-organisms in commercial processes for producing fine chemicals such as drugs; vaccines; hormones, etc. on a large scale.
  12. Branch: Cardiology; Concerning Field: Study of heart.
  13. Branch: Craniology; Concerning Field: Study of skulls.
  14. Branch: Cryptography; Concerning Field:    Study of secret writing.
  15. Branch: Cryogenics; Concerning Field: Study concerning with the application and uses of very low temperature.
  16. Branch: Cytology; Concerning Field: Study of cells.
  17. Branch: Dermatology; Concerning Field: Study of skin.
  18. Branch: Ecology; Concerning Field: The study of relationship between organisms and environment.
  19. Branch: Entomology; Concerning Field: Study of insects.
  20. Branch: Etiology; Concerning Field: Study of cause of insects.
  21. Branch: Eugenics; Concerning Field: Study of improvement of human race by applying laws of heredity. It is related with future generations.
  22. Branch: Evolution; Concerning Field: Deals with the study of origin of new from old.
  23. Branch: Exbiology; Concerning Field: Deals with life or possibilities of life beyond the earth.
  24. Branch: Floriculture; Concerning Field: Study of flower yielding plants.
  25. Branch: Geology; Concerning Field: Study of condition and structure of the earth
  26. Branch: Genetics; Concerning Field: Study of heredity and variations.
  27. Branch: Gerontology; Concerning Field: study of growing old.
  28. Branch: Gynaecology; Concerning Field: Study of female reproductive organs.
  29. Branch: Horticulture; Concerning Field: Study of garden cultivation.
  30. Branch: Haematology; Concerning Field: Study of blood.
  31. Branch: Hepatology; Concerning Field: Study of liver.
  32. Branch: Iconography; Concerning Field: Teachings by pictures and models.
  33. Branch: Immunology; Concerning Field: Science which deals with the study of resistance of organisms against infection.
  34. Branch: Jurisprudence; Concerning Field: Science of law.
  35. Branch: Kalology; Concerning Field: Study of human beauty.
  36. Branch: Lexicography; Concerning Field: Compiling of dictionary.
  37. Branch: Mycology; Concerning Field: Study of fungi.
  38. Branch: Myology; Concerning Field: Study of muscles.
  39. Branch: Nephrology; Concerning Field: Study of kidneys.
  40. Branch: Neurology; Concerning Field: study of nervous system.
  41. Branch: Numismatics; Concerning Field: Study of coins and medals.
  42. Branch: Obstetrics; Concerning Field: Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy.
  43. Branch: Oneirology; Concerning Field: Study of dreams.
  44. Branch: Ophthalmology; Concerning Field: Study of eyes .
  45. Branch: Omithology; Concerning Field: Study of birds.
  46. Branch: Osteology; Concerning Field: Study of bones.
  47. Branch: Palaeontology; Concerning Field: Study of fossils.
  48. Branch: Philately; Concerning Field: Stamp collecting.
  49. Branch: Philology; Concerning Field: Study of languages.
  50. Branch: Phonetics; Concerning Field: Concerning the sounds of a language.
  51. Branch: Physiography; Concerning Field: Natural phenomenon.
  52. Branch: Pedology; Concerning Field: Study of soils.
  53. Branch: Pathology; Concerning Field: Study of disease causing organisms.
  54. Branch: Phycology; Concerning Field: Study of algae.
  55. Branch: Physiology; Concerning Field: Science dealing with the study of functions of various parts of organisms.
  56. Branch: Pisciculture; Concerning Field: Study of fish.
  57. Branch: Pomology; Concerning Field: Study of fruits.
  58. Branch: Seismology; Concerning Field: Study of earthquakes.
  59. Branch: Sericulture; Concerning Field: Silk industry (culture of silk moth and pupa).
  60. Branch: Serpentology; Concerning Field: Study of snakes.
  61. Branch: Telepathy; Concerning Field: Communication between two minds at a distance with the help of emotions, thoughts and feelings.
  62. Branch: Taxonomy; Concerning Field: Study of classification of organisms.
  63. Branch: Virology; Concerning Field: Study of virus.

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