- John Marshall was the first scholar to use the term, 'Indus Civilization'.
- The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra River which is presently known as Pakistan and north-western India.
- According to radio-carbon dating, it spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC.
- The most characteristic feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
- Besides sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo and elephant was certainly domesticated.
- Capital cities- Harappa, Mohenjodaro.
- Port cities- Lothal, Sutkagendor, Allahdino, Balakot, Kuntasi.
- The Indus-Valley people were well-acquainted with the use both ofcotton and wool.
Social features:
- First urbanization in India.
- Town planning
- Grid pattern
- Drainage system
- Equality in society
Major Cities And Their Features:
- Mohenjodaro (Sind) is situated on the right bank of the Indus.
- Chanhudaro lies on the left bank of the Indus about 130 km south ofMohenjodaro.
- Kalibangan (Rajasthan) was on the banks of the river Ghaggar which dried up centuries ago.
- Lothal is at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
- Banawali (Haryana) was situated on the banks of the now extinct Sarasvati
- Surkotada (Gujarat) is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
- Dholavira (Gujarat) excavated is in theKutch district
Economic features:
- Based on agriculture
- Trade/commerce.
- Export/import
- Production of cotton
- 16 was the unit of measurement (16, 64,160, 320).
- Weights and measures of accuracy existed in Harappan culture (found at Lothal).
- The weights were made of limestone, steatite, etc and were generally cubical in shape
- A dockyard has been discovered at Lothal.
Religious Features:
- Mother goddess – Matridevi or Shakti
- Sex organ (Yoni) worship.
- Pashupati Mahadeva – lord of Animals
- Yogic position structure.
- Nature worship.
- Animal worship – Unicorn, ox.
- Tree worship – Peepal.
- Fire worship- Havan Kund.
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